文本归一化是缺乏严格拼写惯例的低资源语言的至关重要技术。迄今为止，低资源的文本归一化依赖于手工制作的规则，这些规则被认为比神经方法更有效。在本文中，我们研究了Ligurian（一种濒临灭绝的浪漫语言）的文本正常化情况。我们收集了4,394个Ligurian句子，并配对其标准化版本，也是Ligurian的第一个单语语料库。我们表明，尽管有少量可用的数据，但可以训练基于紧凑的变压器的模型，以通过使用反射和适当的令牌化来达到非常低的错误率。我们的数据集向公众发布。

Evaluating and comparing text-to-image models is a challenging problem. Significant advances in the field have recently been made, piquing interest of various industrial sectors. As a consequence, a gold standard in the field should cover a variety of tasks and application contexts. In this paper a novel evaluation approach is experimented, on the basis of: (i) a curated data set, made by high-quality royalty-free image-text pairs, divided into ten categories; (ii) a quantitative metric, the CLIP-score, (iii) a human evaluation task to distinguish, for a given text, the real and the generated images. The proposed method has been applied to the most recent models, i.e., DALLE2, Latent Diffusion, Stable Diffusion, GLIDE and Craiyon. Early experimental results show that the accuracy of the human judgement is fully coherent with the CLIP-score. The dataset has been made available to the public.

Brain decoding is a field of computational neuroscience that uses measurable brain activity to infer mental states or internal representations of perceptual inputs. Therefore, we propose a novel approach to brain decoding that also relies on semantic and contextual similarity. We employ an fMRI dataset of natural image vision and create a deep learning decoding pipeline inspired by the existence of both bottom-up and top-down processes in human vision. We train a linear brain-to-feature model to map fMRI activity features to visual stimuli features, assuming that the brain projects visual information onto a space that is homeomorphic to the latent space represented by the last convolutional layer of a pretrained convolutional neural network, which typically collects a variety of semantic features that summarize and highlight similarities and differences between concepts. These features are then categorized in the latent space using a nearest-neighbor strategy, and the results are used to condition a generative latent diffusion model to create novel images. From fMRI data only, we produce reconstructions of visual stimuli that match the original content very well on a semantic level, surpassing the state of the art in previous literature. We evaluate our work and obtain good results using a quantitative semantic metric (the Wu-Palmer similarity metric over the WordNet lexicon, which had an average value of 0.57) and perform a human evaluation experiment that resulted in correct evaluation, according to the multiplicity of human criteria in evaluating image similarity, in over 80% of the test set.

One of the common traits of past and present approaches for Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is that they rely upon discrete labels drawn from a predefined linguistic inventory to classify predicate senses and their arguments. However, we argue this need not be the case. In this paper, we present an approach that leverages Definition Modeling to introduce a generalized formulation of SRL as the task of describing predicate-argument structures using natural language definitions instead of discrete labels. Our novel formulation takes a first step towards placing interpretability and flexibility foremost, and yet our experiments and analyses on PropBank-style and FrameNet-style, dependency-based and span-based SRL also demonstrate that a flexible model with an interpretable output does not necessarily come at the expense of performance. We release our software for research purposes at https://github.com/SapienzaNLP/dsrl.

Image generation and image completion are rapidly evolving fields, thanks to machine learning algorithms that are able to realistically replace missing pixels. However, generating large high resolution images, with a large level of details, presents important computational challenges. In this work, we formulate the image generation task as completion of an image where one out of three corners is missing. We then extend this approach to iteratively build larger images with the same level of detail. Our goal is to obtain a scalable methodology to generate high resolution samples typically found in satellite imagery data sets. We introduce a conditional progressive Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), that generates the missing tile in an image, using as input three initial adjacent tiles encoded in a latent vector by a Wasserstein auto-encoder. We focus on a set of images used by the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) to train flood detection tools, and validate the quality of synthetic images in a realistic setup.

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods can adapt large language models to downstream tasks by training a small amount of newly added parameters. In multi-task settings, PEFT adapters typically train on each task independently, inhibiting transfer across tasks, or on the concatenation of all tasks, which can lead to negative interference. To address this, Polytropon (Ponti et al.) jointly learns an inventory of PEFT adapters and a routing function to share variable-size sets of adapters across tasks. Subsequently, adapters can be re-combined and fine-tuned on novel tasks even with limited data. In this paper, we investigate to what extent the ability to control which adapters are active for each task leads to sample-efficient generalization. Thus, we propose less expressive variants where we perform weighted averaging of the adapters before few-shot adaptation (Poly-mu) instead of learning a routing function. Moreover, we introduce more expressive variants where finer-grained task-adapter allocation is learned through a multi-head routing function (Poly-S). We test these variants on three separate benchmarks for multi-task learning. We find that Poly-S achieves gains on all three (up to 5.3 points on average) over strong baselines, while incurring a negligible additional cost in parameter count. In particular, we find that instruction tuning, where models are fully fine-tuned on natural language instructions for each task, is inferior to modular methods such as Polytropon and our proposed variants.

With climate change predicted to increase the likelihood of landslide events, there is a growing need for rapid landslide detection technologies that help inform emergency responses. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a remote sensing technique that can provide measurements of affected areas independent of weather or lighting conditions. Usage of SAR, however, is hindered by domain knowledge that is necessary for the pre-processing steps and its interpretation requires expert knowledge. We provide simplified, pre-processed, machine-learning ready SAR datacubes for four globally located landslide events obtained from several Sentinel-1 satellite passes before and after a landslide triggering event together with segmentation maps of the landslides. From this dataset, using the Hokkaido, Japan datacube, we study the feasibility of SAR-based landslide detection with supervised deep learning (DL). Our results demonstrate that DL models can be used to detect landslides from SAR data, achieving an Area under the Precision-Recall curve exceeding 0.7. We find that additional satellite visits enhance detection performance, but that early detection is possible when SAR data is combined with terrain information from a digital elevation model. This can be especially useful for time-critical emergency interventions. Code is made publicly available at https://github.com/iprapas/landslide-sar-unet.

自动算法提出的信任预测的意愿是许多领域中的关键。但是，大量的深度体系结构只能在没有相关不确定性的情况下制定预测。在本文中，我们提出了一种将标准神经网络转换为贝叶斯神经网络的方法，并通过对每个正向通行证时类似于原始网络的不同网络进行采样来估算预测的可变性。我们将方法与基于可调拒绝的方法相结合，该方法仅采用数据集的部分，该数据集的分数能够以低于用户集阈值的不确定性进行分类。我们在阿尔茨海默氏病患者的大量大脑图像中测试了我们的模型，在那里我们仅根据形态计量学图像来解决与健康对照组的歧视。我们证明了将估计的不确定性与基于拒绝的方法结合在一起如何将分类精度从0.86提高到0.95，同时保留了75％的测试集。此外，该模型可以根据过度不确定性选择建议进行手动评估的案例。我们认为，能够估计预测的不确定性，以及可以调节网络行为的工具，以使用户被告知（和舒适）可以代表用户方向的关键步骤合规性和更容易将深度学习工具集成到人类运营商当前执行的日常任务中。

在医学中，精心策划的图像数据集经常采用离散标签来描述所谓的健康状况与病理状况的连续光谱，例如阿尔茨海默氏病连续体或图像在诊断中起关键点的其他领域。我们提出了一个基于条件变异自动编码器的图像分层的体系结构。我们的框架VAESIM利用连续的潜在空间来表示疾病的连续体并在训练过程中找到簇，然后可以将其用于图像/患者分层。该方法的核心学习一组原型向量，每个向量与群集关联。首先，我们将每个数据样本的软分配给群集。然后，我们根据样品嵌入和簇的原型向量之间的相似性度量重建样品。为了更新原型嵌入，我们使用批处理大小中实际原型和样品之间最相似表示的指数移动平均值。我们在MNIST手写数字数据集和名为Pneumoniamnist的医疗基准数据集上测试了我们的方法。我们证明，我们的方法在两个数据集中针对标准VAE的分类任务（性能提高了15％）的KNN准确性优于基准，并且还以完全监督的方式培训的分类模型同等。我们还展示了我们的模型如何优于无监督分层的当前，端到端模型。

病变分割是放射线工作流程的关键步骤。手动分割需要长时间的执行时间，并且容易发生可变性，从而损害了放射线研究及其鲁棒性的实现。在这项研究中，对非小细胞肺癌患者的计算机断层扫描图像进行了深入学习的自动分割方法。还评估了手动与自动分割在生存放射模型的性能中的使用。方法总共包括899名NSCLC患者（2个专有：A和B，1个公共数据集：C）。肺部病变的自动分割是通过训练先前开发的建筑NNU-NET进行的，包括2D，3D和级联方法。用骰子系数评估自动分割的质量，以手动轮廓为参考。通过从数据集A的手动和自动轮廓中提取放射性的手工制作和深度学习特征来探索自动分割对患者生存的放射素模型对患者生存的性能的影响。评估并比较模型的精度。结果通过平均2D和3D模型的预测以及应用后处理技术来提取最大连接的组件，可以实现具有骰子= 0.78 +（0.12）的自动和手动轮廓之间的最佳一致性。当使用手动或自动轮廓，手工制作或深度特征时，在生存模型的表现中未观察到统计差异。最好的分类器显示出0.65至0.78之间的精度。结论NNU-NET在自动分割肺部病变中的有希望的作用已得到证实，从而大大降低了时必的医生的工作量，而不会损害基于放射线学的生存预测模型的准确性。